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Quick Facts: Learning Theories & Psychologists

What is Behaviorism?

Behaviorism (e.g., B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov) suggests learning is a change in observable behavior due to external stimuli (rewards, punishments). Key concepts include Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning.

What is Cognitivism?

Cognitivism (e.g., Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner) focuses on the internal mental processes of learning, such as memory, problem-solving, and information processing. It views the learner as an active processor of information, not just a reactor to stimuli.

What is Constructivism?

Constructivism (e.g., Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey) is a theory that learners build (or "construct") their own understanding of the world through experiences and reflection. Social Constructivism (Vygotsky) emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture.

What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The ZPD is the 'gap' between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO). It's a key concept in social constructivism, highlighting the importance of guided learning.